5 Tips To Speed Up Linux Software Raid Rebuilding And Re-syncing

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It is no secret that I am a pretty big fan of excellent Linux Software RAID. Creating, assembling and rebuilding small array is fine. But, things started to get nasty when you try to rebuild or re-sync large size array. You may get frustrated when you see it is going to take 22 hours to rebuild the array. You can always increase the speed of Linux Software RAID 0/1/5/6 reconstruction using the following five tips.

Recently, I build a small NAS server running Linux for one my client with 5 x 2TB disks in RAID 6 configuration for all in one backup server for Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows XP/Vista/7/10 client computers. Next, I type the command cat /proc/mdstat and it reported that md0 is active and recovery is in progress. The recovery speed was around 4000K/sec and will complete in approximately in 22 hours. I wanted to finish this early.

A note about lazy initialization and ext4 file system

When creating an ext4 file system, the Linux kernel uses lazy initialization. This feature allows the faster creatation of a file system. A process called “ext4lazyinit” runs in the background to create rest of all inode tables. As a result, your RAID rebuild is going to operate at minimal speed. This only affects if you have just created an ext4 filesystem. There is an option to enable or disable this feature while running mkfs.ext4 command:

1. lazy_itable_init[= <0 to disable, 1 to enable>] – If enabled and the uninit_bg feature is enabled, the inode table will not be fully initialized by mke2fs. This speeds up filesystem initialization noticeably, but it requires the kernel to finish initializing the filesystem in the background when the filesystem is first mounted. If the option value is omitted, it defaults to 1 to enable lazy inode table zeroing.
2. lazy_journal_init[= <0 to disable, 1 to enable>] – If enabled, the journal inode will not be fully zeroed out by mke2fs. This speeds up filesystem initialization noticeably, but carries some small risk if the system crashes before the journal has been overwritten entirely one time. If the option value is omitted, it defaults to 1 to enable lazy journal inode zeroing.

Tip #1: /proc/sys/dev/raid/{speed_limit_max,speed_limit_min} kernel variables

The /proc/sys/dev/raid/speed_limit_min is config file that reflects the current “goal” rebuild speed for times when non-rebuild activity is current on an array. The speed is in Kibibytes per second (1 kibibyte = 2¹⁰ bytes = 1024 bytes), and is a per-device rate, not a per-array rate . The default is 1000.

The /proc/sys/dev/raid/speed_limit_max is config file that reflects the current “goal” rebuild speed for times when no non-rebuild activity is current on an array. The default is 100,000.

To see current limits, enter:
# sysctl dev.raid.speed_limit_min
# sysctl dev.raid.speed_limit_max
Sample outputs:

dev.raid.speed_limit_min = 10000
dev.raid.speed_limit_max = 20000

NOTE: The following hacks are used for recovering Linux software raid, and to increase the speed of RAID rebuilds. Options are good for tweaking rebuilt process and may increase overall system load, high cpu and memory usage.

To increase speed, enter:
echo value > /proc/sys/dev/raid/speed_limit_min
OR
sysctl -w dev.raid.speed_limit_min=value
In this example, set it to 50000 K/Sec, enter:
# echo 50000 > /proc/sys/dev/raid/speed_limit_min
OR
# sysctl -w dev.raid.speed_limit_min=50000
If you want to override the defaults you could add these two lines to /etc/sysctl.conf:

#################NOTE ################
##  You are limited by CPU and memory too #
###########################################
dev.raid.speed_limit_min = 50000
## good for 4-5 disks based array ##
dev.raid.speed_limit_max = 2000000
## good for large 6-12 disks based array ###
dev.raid.speed_limit_max = 5000000

Tip #2: Set read-ahead option

Set readahead (in 512-byte sectors) per raid device. The syntax is:
# blockdev --setra 65536 /dev/mdX
## Set read-ahead to 32 MiB ##
# blockdev --setra 65536 /dev/md0
# blockdev --setra 65536 /dev/md1

Tip #3: Set stripe-cache_size for RAID5 or RAID 6

This is only available on RAID5 and RAID6 and boost sync performance by 3-6 times. It records the size (in pages per device) of the stripe cache which is used for synchronising all write operations to the array and all read operations if the array is degraded. The default is 256. Valid values are 17 to 32768. Increasing this number can increase performance in some situations, at some cost in system memory. Note, setting this value too high can result in an “out of memory” condition for the system. Use the following formula:

memory_consumed = system_page_size * nr_disks * stripe_cache_size

To set stripe_cache_size to 16 MiB for /dev/md0, type:
# echo 16384 > /sys/block/md0/md/stripe_cache_size
To set stripe_cache_size to 32 MiB for /dev/md3, type:
# echo 32768 > /sys/block/md3/md/stripe_cache_size

Tip #4: Disable NCQ on all disks

The following will disable NCQ on /dev/sda,/dev/sdb,..,/dev/sde using bash for loop

## sample for loop ## for i in sd[abcde] do echo 1 > /sys/block/$i/device/queue_depth done

Tip #5: Bitmap Option

Bitmaps optimize rebuild time after a crash, or after removing and re-adding a device. Turn it on by typing the following command:
# mdadm --grow --bitmap=internal /dev/md0
Once array rebuild or fully synced, disable bitmaps:
# mdadm --grow --bitmap=none /dev/md0

Results

My speed went from 4k to 51k:
cat /proc/mdstat
Sample outputs:

Personalities : [linear] [raid0] [raid1] [raid10] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [multipath]
md5 : active raid1 sde2[2](S) sdd2[3](S) sdc2[4](S) sdb2[1] sda2[0]
      530048 blocks [2/2] [UU]

md0 : active raid6 sde3[4] sdd3[3] sdc3[2] sdb3[1] sda3[0]
      5855836800 blocks level 6, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [5/5] [UUUUU]
      [============>........]  resync = 61.7% (1205475036/1951945600) finish=242.9min speed=51204K/sec

Monitoring raid rebuilding/recovery process like a pro

You cat /proc/mdstat file. This read-only file contains information about the status of currently running array and shows rebuilding speed:
# cat /proc/mdstat
Alternatively use the watch command to display /proc/mdstat output on screen repeatedly, type:
# watch -n1 cat /proc/mdstat
Sample outputs:

Fig.01: Performance optimization for Linux raid6 for /dev/md2
The following command provide details about /dev/md2 raid arrray including status and health report:
# mdadm --detail /dev/md2
Sample outputs: Fig.02: Finding out information about md2 raid array
Another option is to see what is actually happening by typing the following iostat command to see disk utilization:
watch iostat -k 1 2
watch -n1 iostat -k 1 2
Sample outputs: Fig.03: Find out CPU statistics and input/output statistics for devices and partitions

 

References:

• See man pages – md(4),mdadm(8)
• /etc/cron.d/mdadm and /usr/share/mdadm/checkarray on Debian/Ubuntu Linux

 

Posted by: Vivek Gite

The author is the creator of nixCraft and a seasoned sysadmin and a trainer for the Linux operating system/Unix shell scripting. He has worked with global clients and in various industries, including IT, education, defense and space research, and the nonprofit sector. Follow him on Twitter, Facebook, Google+.

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